Does Your Dog Need BOAS Surgery? A Comprehensive Guide
BOAS (Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome) is a prevalent condition affecting brachycephalic dog breeds, such as English bulldogs, French bulldogs, Pugs, and Boston terriers. This condition arises from a disproportion between the skull and soft tissue, causing impinged airways and breathing difficulties in these beloved breeds. BOAS surgery aims to alleviate these issues and improve the quality of life for affected dogs.
In this comprehensive guide, we will delve into the world of BOAS, exploring its causes, symptoms, and the surgical solution known as BOAS surgery. We will also discuss when your dog might need this procedure and provide insights into non-surgical management and care options.
Understanding Brachycephalic Breeds
Brachycephalic dog breeds, such as English Bulldogs, French Bulldogs, Pugs, and Boston Terriers, are characterised by their shortened noses and skulls. While their unique appearance has made them increasingly popular, with two brachycephalic breeds (French Bulldogs and Bulldogs) ranking in the top 10 most popular breeds in the US in 2017, these physical traits can lead to various health issues.
Brachycephalic breeds are prone to a range of health problems related to their facial structures and selected-for deformities, including,
- Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS)
- Brachycephalic Ocular Syndrome (shallow eye sockets, increased risk of eye diseases)
- Difficulty giving birth due to large heads and narrow pelvises
- Spinal and tail malformations, causing pain, neurological defects, and incontinence
- Skin diseases due to numerous skin folds create an ideal environment for bacterial and fungal growth
- Increased risk of heatstroke due to inefficient panting
- Weight gain and obesity due to reduced exercise
These health problems are often the result of poor breeding practices, where breeders prioritise producing dogs with the flattest faces and biggest eyes, disregarding health and temperament. Recent studies have revealed conformational risk factors associated with BOAS, such as short muzzles and thick necks, which should be discouraged to avoid perpetuating this serious disorder. Prevention involves not breeding dogs with difficulty breathing, those that require surgical therapy, or those with a hypoplastic trachea.
Identifying Symptoms of BOAS
Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome (BOAS) is a progressive disorder that can significantly impair a dog’s quality of life. Symptoms of BOAS include
- Respiratory issues:
- Loud snoring, snorting, and wheezing
- Laboured or heavy breathing, panting, and open-mouth breathing
- Reduced ability to exercise and exercise intolerance
- Cyanosis (bluish discolouration of the gums)
- Collapse due to inadequate oxygenation
- Gastrointestinal problems:
- Gagging when swallowing food or water
- Regurgitation, vomiting, and coughing up foamy saliva
- Digestive issues due to impeded swallowing function
- Sleep and temperature regulation:
- Difficulty sleeping normally, with snoring and brief periods of apnea
- Poor tolerance to heat and increased risk of heatstroke
- Signs of overheating include heavy panting, elevated body temperature, glazed eyes, excessive thirst, and dark red tongue
Factors contributing to the severity of BOAS symptoms include the degree of nostril stenosis, elongation of the soft palate, and obesity. Symptoms may worsen in hot or humid weather.
It is crucial to recognize that these symptoms should not be accepted as breed traits but taken as serious health concerns. If your dog exhibits any of these signs, consult with a veterinarian to determine the best course of action, which may include surgical intervention in severe cases.
The Surgical Solution: What is BOAS Surgery?
BOAS surgery, also known as Brachycephalic Obstructive Airway Syndrome surgery, is a group of procedures designed to improve airflow in brachycephalic dogs, reducing their breathing issues. The most common surgeries include:
- Widening the nostrils (Nares): Removal of cartilage to expand nostrils
- Palatoplasty: Shortening and thickening the soft palate to improve airways in the pharynx (back of the mouth)
- Larynx surgery: Correcting issues with the larynx, such as everted laryngeal saccules or a collapsed larynx, to improve airflow
Not all dogs will need every surgery, and some may only require one or two components. Treatment typically involves widening the nostrils, shortening the soft palate, and removing excessive tissue around the larynx. In severe cases, a permanent tracheostomy may be required. Surgery at an early age is usually beneficial for dogs with BOAS.
The procedure can be performed using a laser for targeted removal of excess tissue, reducing the risk of damaging surrounding tissues. Recovery from BOAS surgery requires careful monitoring and may include managing complications like surgical swelling and regurgitation/vomiting. Dogs will need to be kept calm and quiet for 2 weeks following surgery and will have dietary restrictions.
For UK dog owners, the average cost per BOAS surgery can range from £1,500 to £4,000, depending on the complexity of the procedure and the specific surgeries required. While the surgery can significantly improve a dog’s ability to breathe and exercise, it is important to note that there are risks involved, such as bleeding, infection, and complications from anaesthesia. Additionally, some dogs may still experience airway restrictions even after surgical treatments. Regular post-operative rechecks are suggested for dogs that have undergone BOAS surgery to monitor their progress and address any potential issues.
When Does Your Dog Need Surgery?
All brachycephalic dogs should be assessed by a veterinarian to determine their risk of BOAS-related complications and whether they will need BOAS surgery. The initial assessment involves:
- Discussing the dog’s history
- Conducting a clinical exam
- Possibly performing x-rays, CT, MRI, or endoscopy to determine the extent of BOAS and suitable surgeries
Diagnosing BOAS involves a detailed history, physical examination, and sometimes pre-operative tests like X-rays, CT scans, or visual examination of the throat with sedation. The diagnosis is primarily clinical, based on visible symptoms, reported symptoms, and physical examination findings. Key diagnostic factors include:
- Breed predisposition
- Clinical signs and symptoms
- Physical examination findings
- Stenotic nares observed through a routine exam
- Further evaluation requiring light anaesthesia to assess the soft palate and laryngeal saccule]
Dogs under two years of age at the time of surgical correction have a better postoperative prognosis. The overall prognosis for dogs with BOAS depends on the severity of the condition and the number of defects present, with dogs having milder or fewer defects having a better prognosis.
For UK dog owners, the average cost per BOAS surgery can range from £1,500 to £4,000, depending on the complexity of the procedure and the specific surgeries required. While the surgery can significantly improve a dog’s ability to breathe and exercise, it is important to note that there are risks involved, such as bleeding, infection, and complications from anaesthesia [20].
Non-Surgical Management and Care
While surgery is the most effective treatment for severe cases of BOAS, non-surgical management can help improve the quality of life for dogs with mild to moderate symptoms. Weight management is crucial, as obesity can exacerbate breathing difficulties. Tips for keeping your dog lean include:
- Restricting treats
- Feeding obesity diets
- Maintaining regular exercise
Preventing overheating is also essential for brachycephalic breeds, especially those with BOAS]. Strategies include:
- Avoiding excessive heat and humidity
- Keeping the dog in an air-conditioned area during summer
- Controlling activity levels
- Minimising stress
- Using a harness instead of a neck collar
Other non-surgical management options include corticosteroids, NSAIDs, and oxygen therapy. It’s important to note that untreated BOAS can lead to significant respiratory distress, reduced quality of life, and even premature death. Regular check-ups with a veterinarian can help monitor the condition and determine the best course of action for your dog.
Conclusion
In summary, BOAS is a serious condition affecting brachycephalic dog breeds, causing breathing difficulties and reduced quality of life. While surgery is the most effective treatment for severe cases, non-surgical management, such as weight control and preventing overheating, can help improve the well-being of dogs with mild to moderate symptoms. For UK dog owners, the average cost per BOAS surgery ranges from £1,500 to £4,000, and while the surgery can significantly improve a dog’s ability to breathe and exercise, it is important to be aware of the potential risks, including bleeding, infection, and complications from anaesthesia.
As a dog owner, it is crucial to recognise the signs and symptoms of BOAS and consult with a veterinarian to determine the best course of action for your beloved pet. By understanding the condition, its management options, and the importance of responsible breeding practices, we can work together to improve the health and well-being of brachycephalic dogs and ensure they live happy, comfortable lives.
FAQs
How can I tell if my dog requires BOAS surgery?
A dog may need BOAS surgery if they exhibit a combination of symptoms such as snorting or snoring when resting or active, a clear nasal discharge, reduced ability or willingness to exercise, laboured breathing during physical activity, or an extended period of time to recover after exercise or being in warm environments.
Is it essential for a dog to undergo BOAS surgery?
While dogs with mild cases of BOAS can live normal lives without surgery, early surgical intervention, particularly in dogs under two years old, tends to yield better results. However, dogs that have laryngeal collapse generally have less favourable outcomes, regardless of whether they undergo surgery. Dogs with fewer or less severe defects typically have a better prognosis.
Do all French bulldogs require BOAS surgery?
Not all French bulldogs need BOAS surgery, as the severity of Brachycephalic Airway Syndrome varies widely among individuals. Nevertheless, in most cases where the syndrome is present, it is advisable to consider the surgery.
When is soft palate surgery necessary for a dog?
Soft palate surgery may be necessary if your dog shows signs of gagging, coughing, intolerance to exercise, or difficulty breathing. This condition requires a stapedectomy, a procedure to remove the excess tissue in the soft palate, which can be performed using a scalpel, scissors, or a CO2 laser.
